Rather than to say a theory is "PROVEN" - let's go with "technically corroborated" >>
German, Hungarian, and French physicists led by Laurent Lellouch of France’s Centre for Theoretical Physics, with the use of mega-brainpower and supercomputers confirmed calculations for estimating the mass of protons and neutrons, which are the particles that compose the nucleus of atoms.
To try and put this succinctly, quantum chromodynamics are equations, and precisely the equations needed that were the most challenging to resolve, as far as equations at the scale of sub-atomic particles tend to go. Thank you science and technology.
We are talking "particles" here, and importantly the small scale sub-atomic particles called QUARKS which are all part of PARTICLE PHYSICS, and also of protons and neutrons--*again, the particles that compose the NUCLEUS OF ATOMS. These protons and neutrons in the nucleus are made up of these sub-atomic particles, mentioned above, known as QUARKS, which are bound by GLUONS. There are six different types of quarks, and rather than to digress, you may go have your own fun researching quarks, the primary building blocks of matter.
The whole thing started for Einstein when it was discovered that gluons HAVE ZERO MASS and the mass of quarks is only 5% leaving 95% unaccounted for as a puzzle for a great mind to solve. Einstein went right along and proposed that energy and mass are equivalent back in 1905 with the Theory of Relativity.
Today, Einstein's formula shows that mass can be converted into energy, and energy can be converted into mass down to quantum chromodynamics, and the unanswered 95% does come from the movements and interactions of quarks and gluons. Some formulas just get better!
To take things to the abstract level required when you enter the world of physics: try to visualize "space and time as part of a four-dimensional crystal lattice, with discrete points spaced along columns and rows."
The equation has been used to show how much energy can be released when converting mass into energy. Unfortunately it was atomic weapons that it was applied to. : : Angie Seegers : :
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